Table 2. Identification and quantitation of volatile compounds in M. tricuspidata fruit vinegar and commercial vinegars

Peak no.	Compounds	RI¹⁾	M. tricuspidata		Domestic			Foreign
Peak no.	Compounds	RI¹⁾	MTFW	MTFV	BV	BRV-A	BRV-B	ABM	OBM	OCV
Alcohols (15)
1	n-Butanol^a	<700	6.38±1.54²⁾	7.28±1.19	7.86±1.38	8.54±1.94	9.07±0.55	4.48±1.73	4.69±0.20	7.68±3.04
4	iso-Amyl alcohol^a	730	54.13±10.76	0.07±0.12	5.73±0.81	2.34±0.72	−	16.21±0.81	6.14±0.68	7.25±2.31
5	2-Methyl-1-butanol	734	25.58±4.81	-³⁾	9.69±1.23	0.67±0.59	−	5.54±1.10	4.16±0.36	2.50±0.81
8	3-Penten-2-ol	765	0.99±0.20	1.60±0.64	0.84±0.07	1.12±0.17	1.06±0.14	−	−	0.80±0.69
10	2,3-Butanediol	779	17.08±0.59	10.56±0.88	−	0.36±0.34	−	0.40±0.35	−	5.08±0.30
11	2,3-Butanediol (isomer)	795	11.52±0.30	5.21±0.49	−	−	0.28±0.02	0.39±0.06	−	2.25±0.30
14	3-Ethoxy-1-propanol	833	0.88±0.33	−	−	2.06±0.11	−	1.30±0.14	−	4.81±0.57
17	n-Hexanol^a	869	0.82±0.04	0.83±0.19	0.91±0.27	0.82±0.21	1.10±0.28	−	0.36±0.31	1.18±0.22
26	3-(Methylthio)-1-propanol	979	7.57±0.65	9.58±0.37	7.15±0.68	7.99±1.11	7.99±0.38	6.99±0.54	7.61±0.72	9.22±1.31
28	Benzyl alcohol^a	1039	1.26±0.06	1.53±0.04	−	−	−	0.59±0.03	0.61±0.06	0.34±0.10
32	β-Phenylethyl alcohol^a	1113	34.73±0.87	50.98±3.98	16.84±1.04	2.08±0.66	−	20.71±0.31	−	−
42	p-Hydroxybenzyl alcohol^a,b	1342	1.54±1.34	1.57±0.17	−	−	−	−	−	−
45	Tyrosol^a,b	1422	2.59±0.77	15.67±0.62	−	−	−	−	−	−
46	n-Dodecanol	1474	2.72±0.18	2.77±0.21	−	−	−	−	0.82±0.71	−
51	Tryptophol^b	1724	27.51±2.88	2.04±0.26	−	−	−	−	−	−
Esters (15)
7	iso-Butyl acetate	755	−	−	10.53±0.63	−	−	0.82±0.31	0.79±0.08	−
12	Ethyl lactate^a	812	4.39±0.32	8.31±0.55	5.25±0.33	5.69±0.23	5.89±0.43	4.42±0.84	4.27±0.41	5.67±0.86
18	iso-Amyl acetate	874	−	0.75±0.11	0.32±0.07	−	−	3.3±0.16	0.39±0.17	0.77±0.32
19	2-Hydroxy-1-methylethyl acetate	876	−	1.79±0.26	0.99±0.43	−	−	1.41±0.11	−	−
20	2-Hydroxy-1-methylethyl acetate (isomer)	890	−	0.72±0.19	−	−	−	0.25±0.05	−	−
22	1-Methoxy-2-propyl acetate	925	41.18±0.98	38.76±0.42	1.04±0.12	1.26±0.34	−	3.31±0.14	5.43±0.15	4.55±0.16
23	1-Methoxy-2-propyl acetate (isomer)	931	29.89±0.78	26.36±0.27	0.53±0.05	0.57±0.18	−	1.46±0.02	2.16±0.06	1.87±0.07
30	Methyl furoate	1079	−	−	−	−	−	1.69±0.04	3.34±0.19	−
31	Methyl benzoate^a	1084	−	−	−	−	−	2.64±1.71	5.9±2.06	−
34	Ethyl hydrogen succinate^b	1181	22.09±0.22	22.71±2.44	−	−	−	−	−	−
53	Ethyl myristate^a	1747	1.13±0.06	1.39±0.06	0.95±0.02	0.98±0.02	1.01±0.04	0.73±0.04	1.68±0.10	1.09±0.04
54	Methyl palmitate^a	1830	4.87±0.22	9.56±1.66	12.12±2.04	11.33±0.89	11.35±0.93	7.56±0.57	10.79±2.27	7.6±0.61
55	Ethyl palmitate^a,b	1847	5.08±0.33	0.88±0.76	−	−	−	−	−	−
56	Methyl linoleate^a,b	2009	1.79±0.13	0.91±1.07	−	−	−	−	−	−
57	Ethyl linoleate^a	2020	18.4±1.65	13.18±2.81	22.43±4.22	21.09±2.15	21.93±1.46	12.33±0.83	17.79±2.32	11.71±1.48
Aldehydes and ketones (12)
2	3-Pentanone	<700	1.05±0.39	1.98±0.27	2.05±0.63	1.87±0.38	1.75±0.13	2.24±0.43	2.07±0.28	1.52±1.32
3	3-Hydroxy-2-butanone^a	709	22.27±3.03	7.48±0.12	34.15±2.03	1.68±0.59	0.18±0.16	23.41±2.09	35.9±2.63	44.67±1.18
9	n-Hexanal^a	769	−	−	0.91±0.24	−	−	3.29±0.52	1.81±0.16	−
13	Furfural^a	830	4.24±0.09	4.38±0.27	−	−	−	5.93±1.10	15.87±0.74	−
24	cis-2-Heptenal	953	−	0.35±0.34	−	−	−	7.24±0.26	7.51±4.60	9.09±0.08
25	5-methylfurfural^a	959	−	−	−	−	−	9.23±0.07	11.88±0.09	−
37	5-Hydroxymethylfurfural^a	1224	−	1.96±0.13	−	2.92±0.97	−	107.04±6.62	417.9±17.10	1.55±0.07
40	cis-2-decenal	1274	1.22±0.12	1.55±0.44	1.26±0.15	1.26±0.07	1.27±0.10	1.1±0.03	1.16±0.18	1.04±0.09
43	p-Hydroxybenzaldehyde^a,b	1360	5.21±0.28	5.15±0.40	−	−	−	−	−	−
41	5-Acetoxymethylfurfural	1305	−	−	−	−	−	1.68±0.01	6.61±0.59	−
47	β-lonone^a	1485	1.06±0.17	−	1.16±0.21	1.14±0.04	1.16±0.11	0.96±0.05	1.31±0.32	−
50	3-Hydroxy-β-ionone^b	1681	−	2.61±0.17	−	−	−	−	−	−
Acids (7)
6	iso-Butyric acid	739	3.68±0.11	2.75±0.41	1.88±0.16	1.81±0.62	0.90±0.04	1.32±0.30	3.23±0.38	3.21±0.87
15	iso-Valeric acid^b	835	−	5.45±0.27	−	−	−	−	−	−
16	n-Valeric acid	841	−	1.19±0.11	−	0.36±0.14	−	0.90±0.05	12.98±0.28	1.47±0.20
33	4-Oxopentanedioic acid	1171	−	−	10.88±0.38	−	−	5.62±0.45	−	−
39	Phenylacetic acid^a,b	1259	99.48±3.36	104.51±5.51	−	−	−	−	−	−
44	p-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid^a,b	1365	2.20±0.08	11.90±1.19	−	−	−	−	−	−
52	Myristic acid	1729	−	3.63±0.38	1.28±0.19	1.17±0.09	1.15±0.09	−	0.67±0.59	−
Micellaneous (8)
21	γ-Butyrolactone^a	911	22.00±0.67	14.02±1.64	1.11±0.49	0.21±0.19	0.18±0.16	3.07±0.16	2.51±0.16	1.62±0.38
27	3,3-Dimethyloctane	1019	2.32±0.27	3.08±0.17	2.16±0.22	2.42±0.32	2.38±0.15	2.20±0.15	2.30±0.27	2.95±0.33
29	Pantolactone^a	1053	7.92±0.30	2.07±0.08	1.04±0.03	1.09±0.11	1.06±0.06	2.38±0.57	0.60±0.07	0.86±0.13
35	2,3-Dihydrothiophene	1197	16.33±0.61	15.57±0.69	8.11±0.88	−	−	−	−	1.05±0.03
36	2,3-Dihydrobenzofuran^a	1216	6.93±0.27	7.10±0.30	27.69±3.65	32.37±2.93	26.55±2.87	−	36.26±1.63	−
38	1,3-Di-tert-butylbenzene	1241	9.46±0.22	9.87±0.40	6.95±0.31	−	−	2.54±0.11	7.05±0.45	−
48	2,4-Di-tert-butylphenol	1504	3.16±1.44	1.78±0.57	3.54±0.64	3.60±0.27	3.56±0.22	2.42±0.67	5.96±0.23	1.17±0.10
49	Dihydroactinidiolide^b	1524	1.34±0.13	1.17±0.11	−	−	−	−	−	−

Retention index on non-polar DB-5MS capillary column.
Concentration was expressed as mean±SD (n=3).
Not detected.
Identified by comparison of GC retention time with authentic standards.
Detected only in M. tricuspidata fruit wine and/or M. tricuspidata fruit vinegar.
MTFW, M. tricuspidata fruit wine; MTFV, M. tricuspidata fruit vinegar; BV, brewing vinegar; BRV, brown rice vinegar; ABM, Aceto Balsamico Modena; OBM, Organic Aceto Balsamico de Modena; OCV, Ontaria Chadonnay wine vinegar.