Table 3. Comprehensive changes of free amino acid contents of ginseng sprouts (above and below ground) according to the roasting process

Contents (mg/100 g)	Above ground / Roasting time (min, 150°C)				Below ground / Roasting time (min, 200°C)
Contents (mg/100 g)	0	5	10	15	0	5	10	15
Non-essential amino acids
Phosphoetanolamine	ND¹⁾	ND	109.64±5.48^a	89.08±4.45^b	40.94±2.05^c	47.30±2.37^c	40.09±2.00^c	47.97±2.40^c
Proline	40.96±2.05^b²⁾	13.37±0.67^c	12.04±0.60^c	9.61±0.48^cd	96.89±4.84^a	9.16±0.46^cd	7.35±0.37^d	8.14±0.41^cd
Hydroxyproline	0.78±0.04^b	ND	ND	ND	1.04±0.05^a	ND	ND	ND
Aspartic acid	131.25±6.56^bc	162.26±8.11^a	143.86±7.19^b	119.34±5.97^c	89.29±4.46^d	147.15±7.36^b	122.22±6.11^c	136.69±6.83^bc
Serine	88.74±4.44^a	58.17±2.91^b	52.69±2.63^b	43.01±2.15^bc	49.38±2.47^b	35.86±1.79^c	29.39±1.47^c	32.96±1.65^c
Aspartic acid - NH₂	187.59±9.38^a	118.71±5.94^b	101.91±5.10^bc	82.22±4.11^c	174.17±8.71^a	122.86±6.14^b	99.86±4.99^bc	106.21±5.31^bc
Glutamic acid	60.25±3.01^d	107.55±5.38^b	100.01±5.00^b	84.47±4.22^c	122.30±6.12^a	133.35±6.67^a	104.11±5.21^b	109.68±5.48^b
Sarcosine	2.53±0.13^c	3.10±0.16^b	3.25±0.16^b	3.23±0.16^b	4.12±0.21^a	4.01±0.20^a	3.34±0.17^b	4.29±0.21^a
Aminoadipic acid	6.46±0.32^a	4.06±0.20^bc	3.35±0.17^c	2.74±0.14^c	4.81±0.24^b	1.39±0.07^d	1.06±0.05^d	1.22±0.06^d
Glycine	12.96±0.65^b	4.93±0.25^cd	4.85±0.24^cd	4.52±0.23^d	15.21±0.74^a	5.69±0.28^c	5.12±0.26^cd	5.85±0.29^c
Alanine	80.40±4.02^b	40.29±2.01^c	41.17±2.06^c	33.09±1.65^cd	106.76±5.34^a	34.50±1.73^cd	28.44±1.42^d	31.11±1.56^cd
Citrulline	ND	ND	ND	ND	15.59±0.78^b	2.82±0.14^c	2.35±0.12^c	3.68±0.18^a
α-Aminobutyric acid	53.0±2.65^a	22.21±1.11^b	25.96±1.30^b	21.07±1.05^b	6.85±0.34^d	10.50±0.53^c	12.39±2.97^c	20.76±1.04^b
Cystine	ND	32.16±1.61^b	44.09±2.20^a	ND	4.90±0.25^c	ND	ND	ND
Cystathionine	ND	ND	ND	ND	2.54±0.13^b	2.91±0.14^b	2.46±0.12^b	6.44±0.32^a
Tyrosine	43.60±2.18^cd	21.61±1.08^d	20.10±1.01^d	11.20±0.56^e	116.81±5.84^a	75.08±0.53^b	59.48±2.97^c	75.31±3.77^b
β-Alanine	25.32±1.27^a	19.22±0.96^ab	20.32±1.02^ab	8.51±0.43^c	17.44±0.87^b	18.28±0.15^b	16.04±0.80^b	22.64±1.13^ab
β-Aminoisobutyric acid	12.42±0.62^b	9.02±0.45^bc	8.23±0.41^c	0.97±0.05^d	16.58±0.83^a	10.19±3.75^bc	9.15±0.46^bc	15.52±0.78^a
γ-Aminobutyric acid	120.70±6.04^c	53.03±2.65^d	53.54±2.68^d	37.74±1.89^e	151.18±7.56^b	158.18±7.91^b	137.31±6.87^c	177.03±8.85^a
Aminoethanol	20.74±1.04^a	7.51±0.38^bc	7.58±0.39^bc	3.87±0.19^d	20.43±1.02^a	8.84±0.44^b	6.14±0.31^c	8.87±0.44^b
Hydroxylysine	2.24±0.11^ab	1.88±0.09^b	1.76±0.09^c	1.73±0.09^c	2.69±0.13^a	1.99±0.10^b	1.90±0.10^b	1.91±0.10^b
Ornithine	20.81±1.04^b	18.28±0.91^c	14.71±0.74^d	12.92±0.65	52.99±2.65^a	10.55±0.53^e	8.56±0.43^f	3.41±0.17^g
1-Methylhistidine	ND	ND	ND	ND	1.40±0.07^b	1.61±0.08^a	1.34±0.07^c	1.58±0.08^ab
3-Methylhistidine	0.95±0.05^a	0.53±0.03^d	ND	ND	0.88±0.04^a	0.56±0.03^d	0.65±0.03^b	0.77±0.04^bc
Arginine	234.36±11.72^d	192.15±9.61^e	144.41±7.22^f	118.32±5.92^g	2,970.83±18.54^a	3,021.35±11.07^a	2,461.01±13.05^c	2,648.84±12.44^b
Total	1,146.06	890.04	913.47	687.64	4,086.02	3,864.13	3,159.76	3,470.88
Essential amino acids
Threonine	49.18±2.46^a	28.72±1.44^ab	27.10±1.36^ab	22.39±1.12^b	54.18±2.71^a	34.07±1.70^ab	27.40±1.37^ab	29.72±1.49^ab
Valine	80.48±4.02^a	29.14±1.46^c	44.09±2.20^b	34.85±1.74^c	76.56±3.83^a	47.57±2.38^b	39.06±1.95^b	46.00±2.30^b
Methionine	20.29±1.01^a	2.50±0.13^d	ND	ND	20.12±1.01^a	16.19±0.81^b	12.19±0.61^c	19.53±0.98^a
Isoleucine	54.90±2.75^ab	49.11±2.46^b	58.47±2.92^a	47.63±2.38^b	66.40±3.32^a	46.73±2.34^b	37.63±1.88^c	48.13±2.41^b
Leucine	55.36±2.77^b	21.38±1.07^e	18.57±0.93^e	12.49±0.62^f	94.85±4.74^a	47.08±2.35^bc	36.47±1.82^d	43.15±0.16^c
Phenylalanine	47.57±2.38^c	23.30±1.17^d	20.73±1.04^d	8.75±0.44^e	99.94±5.00^a	69.50±3.48^b	54.29±2.71^c	68.98±3.45^b
Lysine	55.31±2.77^c	17.16±0.86^d	11.15±0.56^e	9.11±0.46^f	133.02±6.65^a	81.08±4.05^b	64.17±3.21^c	66.66±3.33^c
Histidine	19.93±1.00^d	10.64±0.53^e	8.31±0.42^f	6.53±0.33^g	87.28±4.36^a	59.32±2.97^b	45.71±2.29^c	47.72±2.39^c
Total	383.02	181.95	188.42	141.75	632.35	401.54	316.92	369.89
Total amino acids	1,529.08	1,071.99	1,101.89	829.39	4,718.37	4,265.67	3,476.68	3,840.77

ND, not detected.
All values are presented as the mean±SD of triplicate determinations. All values within a column with different superscript letters represent statistically significant difference from each other at p<0.05 by Duncan’s multiple range test.