Table 2. Vitamin D content in foods (mushrooms, fishes and shells, eggs, meat, pulses, milk, cereals, oils)
Food group | Food name | Cooking method | Concentration (μg/kg) |
n | Vitamin D2 | n | Vitamin D3 |
Mushrooms | King oyster mushroom | Broiling | 1 | ND | 1 | ND |
Boiling | 1 | ND | 1 | ND |
Stir-frying | 1 | ND | 1 | ND |
Oyster mushroom | Boiling | 1 | ND | 1 | ND |
Stir-frying | 1 | ND | 1 | ND |
Shiitake | Boiling | 1 | ND | 1 | ND |
Stir-frying | 1 | ND | 1 | ND |
Fishes and shells | Bonito | As is/raw | 6 | ND | 6 | 11.6-29.2 |
Boiling | 6 | ND | 6 | 5.4-17.3 |
Stir-frying | 6 | ND | 6 | 7.6-24.6 |
Pollack | Boiling | 1 | ND | 1 | ND |
Mackerel | Broiling | 6 | ND | 6 | 39.1-120.2 |
Pan frying | 6 | ND | 6 | 24.2-49.4 |
Anchovy | Stir-frying | 6 | ND | 6 | 29.0-124.0 |
Squid | Stir-frying | 6 | ND | 6 | ND-7.6 |
Shrimp | Stir-frying | 1 | ND | 1 | ND |
Mussel | Stir-frying | 1 | ND | 1 | ND |
Scallop | Broiling | 1 | ND | 1 | ND |
Oyster | As is/raw | 1 | ND | 1 | ND |
Processed products | Fish cake | Boiling | 1 | ND | 1 | ND |
Stir-frying | 6 | ND | 6 | 4.6-13.4 |
Eggs | Egg | Pan frying | 6 | ND | 6 | 7.8-33.1 |
Simmering | 6 | ND | 6 | 1.7-8.2 |
Boiling | 1 | ND | 1 | ND |
Meat and meat products | Chicken | Deep frying | 1 | ND | 1 | ND |
Boiling | 1 | ND | 1 | ND |
Beef | Broiling | 6 | ND | 6 | ND |
Boiling | 1 | ND | 1 | ND |
Stir-frying | 1 | ND | 1 | ND |
Beef, by-products | Broiling | 1 | ND | 1 | ND |
Boiling | 1 | ND | 1 | ND |
Pork | Deep frying | 1 | ND | 1 | ND |
Broiling | 6 | ND | 6 | ND-12.2 |
Stir-frying | 6 | ND | 6 | ND-7.7 |
Boiling | 1 | ND | 1 | ND |
Meat and meat products | Pork, by-products | Simmering | 1 | ND | 1 | ND |
Boiling | 1 | ND | 1 | ND |
Pork products, ham | As is/raw | 6 | ND | 6 | ND-6.8 |
Boiling | 1 | ND | 1 | ND |
Stir-frying | 1 | ND | 1 | ND |
Pan frying | 6 | ND | 6 | ND-4.1 |
Sausage | Boiling | 1 | ND | 1 | ND |
Blanching | 1 | ND | 1 | ND |
Stir-frying | 1 | ND | 1 | ND |
Pulses | Soybean milk | As is/raw | 6 | ND | 6 | 3.1-15.3 |
Milk and milk products | Milk | As is/raw | 1 | ND | 1 | ND |
Cheese | As is/raw | 1 | ND | 1 | ND |
Semisolid yoghurt | As is/raw | 6 | ND | 6 | ND-5.1 |
Liquid yoghurt | As is/raw | 6 | ND | 6 | ND-136.9 |
Processed products | Cereal | As is/raw | 6 | ND | 6 | 64.5-155.1 |
Biscuit, cookie | As is/raw | 1 | ND | 1 | ND |
Snack cookies | As is/raw | 1 | ND | 1 | ND |
Oils | Perilla oil | As is/raw | 1 | ND | 1 | ND |
ND, not detected.