| Oil | With a dosage of 2 mL/kg/day, it can inhibit the gastrointestinal mucosal damage caused by ketoprofen in mice. | Cheng et al. (2014) |
| With a dose of 2 mL/kg body weight/day, it significantly reduces damage caused by inflammation and lipid peroxidation, improving colitis caused by acetic acid. | Lee et al. (2018) |
| Extract | Decreased paw edema in rats; the maximal inhibition of inflammation was up to 60.3% at 200 mg/kg. | Ye et al. (2012) |
| Decreased ear inflammation caused by croton-oil in mice; the maximal inhibition of inflammation was up to 71.9% at 200 mg/kg. |