Table 6. Aroma compounds (mg/L) in sweet potato soju (ABV 25%) fermented with sweet potatoes and rice saccharified mash

Peak no.	Compounds	Identification	Quantificationions (m/z)	RI	Microbial(White Koji)		Enzymatic(Amylase+β-glucosidase)		Threshold References(mg/L)
Peak no.	Compounds	Identification	Quantificationions (m/z)	RI	Steamed	Non-steamed	Steamed	Non-steamed	Threshold References(mg/L)
Alcohols (14)
5	1-Propanol(P)	MS	59, 60	1029	46.67±5.51^1)B	81.82±23.71^A2)	15.18±3.17^C	25.91±5.08^BC	950	Oishi et al. (2013)
9	Isobutyl alcohol(B)	MS	74, 56	1078	100.54±9.45^BC	196.50±41.38^A	61.82±12.30^C	119.33±20.44^B	150	Oishi et al. (2013)
14	1-Butanol	MS	15, 24	1132	0.66±0.07^B	0.68±0.18^B	0.99±0.19^AB	1.17±0.21^A	280	Oishi et al. (2013)
17	Isoamyl alcohol(A)	MS	55, 70	1197	190.06±14.70^B	249.12±41.51^A	191.90±26.73^B	221.44±26.40^A	33	Oishi et al. (2013)
22	1-Hexanol	MS	56, 55	1332	0.07±0.01^B	0.07±0.02^B	0.08±0.02^B	0.46±0.08^A	8	Guth (1997)
5	1-Propanol(P)	MS	59, 60	1029	46.67±5.51^B	81.82±23.71^A	15.18±3.17^C	25.91±5.08^BC	950	Oishi et al. (2013)
25	cis-3-Hexen-1-ol	MS	67, 82	1375	0.03±0.00^A	0.05±0.01^A	0.04±0.01^A	0.04±0.01^A
27	2,3-Butanediol	FID	-	1427	3.81±0.01^A	3.15±0.02^C	3.15±0.03^C	3.33±0.01^B
36	Furfuryl alcohol	MS	98, 97	1636	0.02±0.00^B	0.03±0.01^A	0.01±0.00^B	0.01±0.00^C
49	Benzyl alcohol	MS	108, 79	1862	0.05±0.01^B	0.10±0.02^A	0.04±0.01^B	0.09±0.02^A
50	2-Phenylethyl alcohol	MS	91, 92	1869	35.34±1.73^B	50.72±6.62^A	42.34±5.58^AB	49.73±5.31^A	10	Guth (1997)
59	1-Tetradecanol	MS	83, 69	2157	0.04±0.00^A	0.04±0.01^A	0.04±0.01^A	0.04±0.01^A
60	p-Vinylguaiacol	MS	50, 135	2184	2.93±0.33^A	3.46±1.09^A	0.41±0.08^B	0.30±0.07^B	0.04	Chen et al. (2013)
62	Hexadecan-2-ol	MS	72, 57	2223	0.16±0.06^A	0.17±0.09^A	0.14±0.05^A	0.13±0.05^A
	Sum				427.05±37.39^B	667.73±138.38^A	331.32±51.35^B	447.89±62.77^B
	P+B+A				337.27±29.66	527.44±106.60	268.90±42.20	366.68±51.92
	A/P				4.07±3.17	3.04±1.96	12.64±0.57	8.54±1.02
	A/B				1.89±0.75	1.26±0.39	3.10±0.23	1.85±0.34
	B/P				2.15±1.17	2.40±1.20	4.07±0.33	4.60±0.86
Esters (18)
3	Ethyl acetate	FID	70, 61	894	158.22±0.73^A	126.98±9.37^B	73.04±5.81^D	100.27±2.36^C	7.5	Guth (1997)
4	Ethyl isobutyrate	MS	71, 88	953	0.22±0.02^A	0.29±0.07^A	0.31±0.04^A	0.28±0.06^A	0.0039	Osafune et al. (2020)
6	Ethyl butyrate	MS	71, 88	1033	1.00±0.11^A	1.02±0.34^A	0.92±0.21^A	0.91±0.20^A	0.026	Osafune et al. (2020)
11	2-Methylbutyl acetate	MS	70, 55	1115	26.57±3.33^A	12.68±4.00^B	10.02±2.23^C	6.82±1.57^D
12	Isoamyl acetate	MS	70, 55	1116	20.19±2.18^A	11.10±2.62^B	9.35±1.46^BC	7.26±1.03^C	0.24	Oishi et al. (2013)
13	Ethyl valerate	MS	88, 85	1128	ND³⁾	ND	ND	ND
18	Ethyl hexanoate	MS	88, 99	1225	0.66±0.08^A	0.45±0.18^AB	0.35±0.08^B	0.29±0.07^B	0.015	Oishi et al. (2013)
20	Ethyl heptanoate	MS	88, 113	1315	0.01±0.00^A	0.01±0.00^A	0.01±0.00^A	0.01±0.00^A	0.002	Guth (1997)
23	Ethyl lactate	FID	-	1343	0.13±0.01^B	ND	ND	6.22±0.16^A	14	Yin et al. (2020)
26	Ethyl octanoate	MS	88, 101	1424	1.04±0.16^A	0.49±0.15^B	0.60±0.07^B	0.29±0.06^B	0.29	Oishi et al. (2013)
32	Ethyl nonanoate	MS	88, 101	1516	0.01±0.00^B	0.01±0.00^B	0.01±0.00^B	0.02±0.00^A
35	Ethyl decanoate	MS	57, 71	1627	0.60±0.05^A	0.18±0.05^C	0.42±0.09^B	0.09±0.02^C	0.56	Oishi et al. (2013)
43	Methyl salicylate	MS	120, 152	1765	0.56±0.06^A	0.87±0.30^A	0.83±0.19^A	0.86±0.20^A
44	2-Phenethyl acetate	MS	91, 164	1771	0.02±0.00^B	0.12±0.03^A	0.02±0.01^B	0.11±0.02^A	0.25	Guth (1997)
48	Ethyl dodecanoate	MS	88, 101	1831	0.07±0.00^B	0.04±0.01^C	0.11±0.03^A	0.01±0.00^C	3.5	Rahayu et al. (2017)
55	2-Phenylethyl isovalerate	MS	104, 105	1978	ND	ND	ND	ND
56	Ethyl myristate	MS	88, 101	2038	0.12±0.01^BC	0.31±0.10^A	0.21±0.05^AB	0.08±0.02^C	0.5	Yin et al. (2020)
63	Ethyl palmitate	MS	88, 101	2243	2.89±0.25^B	8.34±2.75^A	2.85±0.63^B	2.01±0.57^B	14	Yin et al. (2020)
	Sum				212.31±6.99^A	162.89±19.97^B	99.05±10.90^D	125.53±6.32^C
Fatty Acids (8)
37	Butyric acid	FID		1653	1.07±0.01^B	1.06±0.03^B	1.30±0.04^A	0.98±0.02^C	10	Guth (1997)
39	Isovaleric acid	FID		1678	0.87±0.12^A	0.79±0.02^A	0.76±0.02^A	0.82±0.02^A
42	Valeric acid	FID		1755	1.04±0.01^AB	0.78±0.21^B	0.95±0.26^AB	1.14±0.03^A
51	Hexanoic acid	FID		1855	0.59±0.01^A	0.46±0.04^B	0.46±0.03^B	0.50±0.01^B	3	Chen et al. (2013)
54	Heptanoic acid	FID		1973	1.62±0.06^A	1.44±0.09^AB	1.51±0.11^AB	1.42±0.10^B
57	Octanoic acid	FID		2079	0.48±0.25^A	0.42±0.28^A	0.35±0.08^A	0.36±0.07^A	0.5^a	Chen et al. (2013)
61	Nonanoic acid	FID		2176	0.66±0.01^A	0.57±0.02^B	0.28±0.03^C	0.28±0.01^C
64	Decanoic acid	FID		2293	0.51±0.01^A	0.47±0.02^B	0.30±0.01^D	0.34±0.01^C	15	Guth (1997)
	Sum				6.84±0.48^A	5.99±0.71^A	5.91±0.58^A	5.84±0.27^A
Terpenes (6)
15	Myrcene	MS	93, 69	1154	0.02±0.00^B	0.02±0.00^BC	0.03±0.01^A	0.01±0.00^C
33	Linalool	MS	71, 93	1532	0.03±0.00^C	0.09±0.02^BC	0.14±0.03^B	0.30±0.06^A	0.0066	Osafune et al. (2020)
38	α-Terpineol	MS	59, 93	1683	0.02±0.00^B	0.03±0.01^B	0.04±0.01^B	0.20±0.04^A	2.9	Osafune et al. (2020)
41	β-Citronellol	MS	69, 81	1749	0.05±0.02^B	0.06±0.02^B	0.07±0.01^AB	0.09±0.02^A	0.27	Osafune et al. (2020)
45	Nerol	MS	69, 93	1783	0.04±0.01^B	0.12±0.03^A	0.14±0.01^A	0.15±0.03^A	1.1	Osafune et al. (2020)
47	Geraniol	MS	69, 68	1829	0.01±0.00^B	0.06±0.01^A	0.03±0.00^B	0.07±0.02^A	0.026	Osafune et al. (2020)
	Sum				0.17±0.03^C	0.38±0.09^B	0.45±0.07^B	0.82±0.17^A
Aldehydes (5)
2	Butyraldehyde	MS	72, 57	879	0.31±0.03^A	0.42±0.11^A	0.39±0.08^A	0.40±0.07^A
10	Hexanal	MS	56, 57	1079	10.82±1.25^BC	20.51±4.32^A	7.15±0.76^C	12.69±2.32^B	0.02	Osafune et al. (2020)
29	Furfural	MS	95, 96	1448	1.94±0.01^C	1.94±0.01^B	1.95±0.01^A	1.95±0.01^B	15	Oishi et al. (2013)
31	Benzaldehyde	MS	105, 106	1513	ND	ND	ND	ND	4.203	Wang et al. (2023)
58	cis-3-Hexenal	FID	-	2086	ND	ND	ND	ND
	Sum				13.07±1.29^BC	22.87±4.44^A	9.49±0.85^C	15.04±2.40^B
Alkanes (2)
16	Dodecane	MS	57, 71	1200	38.47±3.60^B	50.61±10.27^A	37.87±3.72^B	40.99±2.87^AB
34	Hexadecane	MS	57, 71	1600	0.06±0.01^A	0.09±0.03^A	0.10±0.02^A	0.08±0.02^A
	Sum				38.53±3.61^B	50.70±10.30^A	37.97±3.74^B	41.07±2.89^AB
Sulfides (5)
1	Dimethyl sulfide	MS	62, 61	<780	2.00±0.01^A	2.01±0.03^A	2.01±0.01^A	2.01±0.01^A	0.01	Guth (1997)
8	Dimethyl disulfide	MS	93, 78	1064	ND	ND	ND	ND	0.0091	Wang et al. (2023)
24	Dimethyl trisulfide	MS	126, 79	1367	ND	ND	ND	ND	0.0002	Guth (1997)
28	Methional	MS	104, 76	1444	ND	ND	ND	ND
40	Methionol	MS	106, 61	1701	0.51±0.05^AB	0.73±0.20^A	0.29±0.06^B	0.68±0.14^A
	Sum				2.51±0.06^AB	2.74±0.23^A	2.30±0.07^B	2.69±0.15^A
Ketones (5)
7	2,3-Pentanedione	MS	57, 100	1042	0.22±0.02^B	0.28±0.07^A	0.23±0.04^A	0.22±0.04^B
21	6-Methyl-5-hepten-2-one	MS	108, 55	1327	ND	ND	ND	ND
46	Damascenone	MS	69, 121	1808	0.01±0.01^AB	0.02±0.00^A	0.01±0.00^B	0.01±0.00^AB	0.0083	Osafune et al. (2020)
52	β-Ionone	MS	177, 178	1929	ND	ND	ND	ND
53	Maltol	MS	126, 71	1952	0.28±0.01^A	0.45±0.14^A	0.40±0.10^A	0.38±0.09^A
	Sum				0.51±0.04^A	0.75±0.21^A	0.64±0.14^A	0.60±0.13^A
Pyrazines (2)
19	2-Methylpyrazine	MS	94, 67	1245	ND	0.01±0.00^B	0.01±0.00^A	0.01±0.00^B	10.5	Chen et al. (2013)
30	2,3,5,6-Tetramethylpyrazine	MS	136, 57	1461	ND	ND	ND	ND	80.073	Wang et al. (2023)
	Sum				ND	0.01±0.00	0.01±0.00	0.01±0.00

All values are mean±SD (n=3).
^A-DMeans with different superscripts in the same row are significantly different at p<0.05 by Duncan’s multiple range test.
ND, not detected.
MS, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry; FID, flame ionization detector.