Table 1. D-values (time) of pathogenic bacteria on the broccoli and barley seeds treated with the aqueous ClO₂

Samples	Bacterium	ClO₂ treatment (ppm)	D-values (min)
Samples	Bacterium	ClO₂ treatment (ppm)	Total	0-5 min
Broccoli seed	Escherichia coli O157:H7	Control	153.99±6.70^1)b	26.95±3.61^b
		100	26.82±0.30^a	2.41±0.04^a
		300	23.18±0.42^a	1.92±0.03^a
		600	18.52±0.10^a	1.11±0.00^a
	Salmonella Typhimurium	Control	93.37±7.98^c	48.44±10.07^b
		100	31.49±1.53^b	2.18±0.20^a
		300	23.98±0.08^ab	1.78±0.04^a
		600	16.64±0.11^a	1.41±0.01^a
Barley sprout seed	E. coli O157:H7	Control	92.62±2.43^c	6.49±1.09^c
		100	45.46±4.36^b	4.61±0.52^b
		300	23.93±2.06^a	3.40±0.06^ab
		600	15.99±3.52^a	2.37±0.41^a
	Salmonella Typhimurium	Control	119.32±8.03^c	9.53±0.64^d
		100	41.83±9.17^b	6.56±0.47^c
		300	29.33±0.61^ab	3.53±0.25^b
		600	17.73±4.21^a	2.17±0.28^a

All values are mean±SD (n=3). Different superscript letters (^a-c) in each column indicate significant differences at p<0.05 by Duncan’s multiple range test.